{"id":518,"date":"2024-10-21T19:18:41","date_gmt":"2024-10-21T19:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vetmed.iastate.edu\/vpath\/?page_id=518"},"modified":"2026-02-23T21:14:26","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T21:14:26","slug":"reference-intervals","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vetmed.iastate.edu\/vpath\/services\/diagnostic-services\/clinical-pathology-diagnostic-and-research-services\/testing-and-fees\/reference-intervals\/","title":{"rendered":"Reference Intervals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n
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Reference Intervals were established at Iowa State University’s Clinical Pathology Laboratory.<\/p>\n

Reference Intervals from Clinical Pathology Laboratory February 2011
\n– Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Pathology Type<\/th>\nTest<\/th>\nUnit<\/th>\nCanine<\/th>\nFeline<\/th>\nBovine<\/th>\nEquine<\/th>\nPorcine<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Bile Acids<\/span><\/td>\nBile Acids – 12 hr fasting<\/span><\/td>\numol\/L<\/td>\n1 – 20<\/span><\/td>\n1 – 13<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bile Acids<\/span><\/td>\nBile Acids – 2 hr pp<\/span><\/td>\numol\/L<\/td>\n1 – 30<\/span><\/td>\n1 – 25<\/span><\/td>\n1 – 30<\/span><\/td>\n1 – 15<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blood Gas Analysis (arterial)<\/span><\/td>\npH<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n7.31-7.42<\/span><\/td>\n7.24-7.40<\/span><\/td>\n7.35-7.50<\/span><\/td>\n7.32-7.44<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blood Gas Analysis (arterial)<\/span><\/td>\npCO2<\/span><\/td>\nmmHg<\/td>\n29 – 42<\/span><\/td>\n29 – 42<\/span><\/td>\n35 – 44<\/span><\/td>\n38 – 46<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blood Gas Analysis (arterial)<\/span><\/td>\npO2<\/span><\/td>\nmmHg<\/td>\n85 – 95<\/span><\/td>\n85 – 95<\/span><\/td>\n85 – 95<\/span><\/td>\n85 – 95<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blood Gas Analysis (arterial)<\/span><\/td>\nHCO3<\/span><\/td>\nmEq\/L<\/td>\n17 – 24<\/span><\/td>\n17 – 24<\/span><\/td>\n20 – 30<\/span><\/td>\n24 – 30<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blood Gas Analysis (arterial)<\/span><\/td>\nSerum Osmolality<\/span><\/td>\nmOsm\/kg<\/td>\n280 – 305<\/span><\/td>\n280 – 305<\/span><\/td>\n270 – 300<\/span><\/td>\n270 – 300<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nTCO2<\/span><\/td>\nmEq\/L<\/td>\n19 – 26<\/span><\/td>\n15 – 23<\/span><\/td>\n21 – 31<\/span><\/td>\n24.5-33.5<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nAnion Gap<\/span><\/td>\nmEq\/L<\/td>\n8 – 17<\/span><\/td>\n13 – 22<\/span><\/td>\n14 – 21<\/span><\/td>\n7 – 14<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nCa<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n9.7-11.3<\/span><\/td>\n8.5-11.2<\/span><\/td>\n8.2-10.1<\/span><\/td>\n10.6-12.8<\/span><\/td>\n8.0-12.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\niCa<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n5.0 – 5.8<\/span><\/td>\n4.0 – 5.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n6.32-7.60<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nPhos<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n3.2 – 6.0<\/span><\/td>\n3.0 – 6.9<\/span><\/td>\n3.8 – 7.9<\/span><\/td>\n2.6 – 5.0<\/span><\/td>\n4.5 – 9.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nMg<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n1.70-2.50<\/span><\/td>\n1.97-2.50<\/span><\/td>\n2.10-2.90<\/span><\/td>\n1.43-2.68<\/span><\/td>\n1.82-3.65<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nBUN<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n10 – 30<\/span><\/td>\n15 – 29<\/span><\/td>\n7 – 32<\/span><\/td>\n14 – 21<\/span><\/td>\n6 – 30<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nCreat<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n0.5 – 1.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.8 – 2.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1 – 1.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.0 – 2.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.5 – 2.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nGlucose<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n68 – 115<\/span><\/td>\n70 – 120<\/span><\/td>\n40 – 100<\/span><\/td>\n80 – 113<\/span><\/td>\n65 – 150<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nTotal Protein<\/span><\/td>\ng\/dl<\/td>\n5.2 – 7.1<\/span><\/td>\n6.1 – 8.0<\/span><\/td>\n6.7 – 8.7<\/span><\/td>\n5.8 – 8.0<\/span><\/td>\n7.0 – 8.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nAlbumin<\/span><\/td>\ng\/dl<\/td>\n2.7 – 4.0<\/span><\/td>\n2.8 – 4.0<\/span><\/td>\n3.2 – 3.9<\/span><\/td>\n2.5 – 3.9<\/span><\/td>\n3.0 – 4.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nBilirubin – Total<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n0.10-0.60<\/span><\/td>\n0.10-0.50<\/span><\/td>\n0.00-0.18<\/span><\/td>\n0.70-2.40<\/span><\/td>\n0.0-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nAlk Phos<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n20 – 150<\/span><\/td>\n25 – 70<\/span><\/td>\n29 – 136<\/span><\/td>\n50 – 220<\/span><\/td>\n25 – 130<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nALT\/SGPT<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n24 – 90<\/span><\/td>\n20 – 120<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nAST\/SGOT<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n5 – 50<\/span><\/td>\n20 – 60<\/span><\/td>\n68 – 156<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 465<\/span><\/td>\n10 – 300<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nCK<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n55 – 200<\/span><\/td>\n50 – 450<\/span><\/td>\n1 – 350<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 575<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 2500<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nGGT<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n5 – 16<\/span><\/td>\n1 -10<\/span><\/td>\n1 – 50<\/span><\/td>\n7 – 26<\/span><\/td>\n10 – 100<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nLDH<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n50 – 520<\/span><\/td>\n60 – 490<\/span><\/td>\n280 – 410<\/span><\/td>\n150 – 425<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nSDH<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n0 – 8<\/span><\/td>\n0 – 8<\/span><\/td>\n0 – 50<\/span><\/td>\n0 – 6<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nCholesterol<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n132 – 300<\/span><\/td>\n75 – 260<\/span><\/td>\n78 – 120<\/span><\/td>\n77 – 125<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nTriglyceride<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n24- 115<\/span><\/td>\n21 – 120<\/span><\/td>\n25 – 120<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nLipase<\/span><\/td>\nIU\/L<\/td>\n100 – 700<\/span><\/td>\n0 – 175<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\nn\/a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nNa<\/span><\/td>\nmEq\/L<\/td>\n141 – 151<\/span><\/td>\n152 – 159<\/span><\/td>\n133 – 147<\/span><\/td>\n137 – 145<\/span><\/td>\n135 – 150<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nK<\/span><\/td>\nmEq\/L<\/td>\n3.9 – 5.3<\/span><\/td>\n3.8 – 5.4<\/span><\/td>\n3.7 – 5.3<\/span><\/td>\n2.6 – 4.5<\/span><\/td>\n4.0 – 7.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry<\/span><\/td>\nCl<\/span><\/td>\nmEq\/L<\/td>\n112 – 121<\/span><\/td>\n118 – 126<\/span><\/td>\n94 – 109<\/span><\/td>\n102 – 114<\/span><\/td>\n95 – 110<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry-Special<\/span><\/td>\nCortisol- resting<\/span><\/td>\nug\/dl<\/td>\n1.0 – 5.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.0 – 5.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry-Special<\/span><\/td>\nCortisol- post ACTH<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n5.5-2.0<\/span><\/td>\n4.5-15.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry-Special<\/span><\/td>\nCortisol- post Dex<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nsee report<\/span><\/td>\nsee report<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemistry-Special<\/span><\/td>\nT4<\/span><\/td>\nug\/dl<\/td>\n1.0 – 3.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.0 – 4.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n0.9 – 2.8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coagulation<\/span><\/td>\nPT<\/span><\/td>\nsec<\/td>\n5.4-11.9<\/span><\/td>\n5.4-11.9<\/span><\/td>\n23.8-27.0<\/span><\/td>\n23.8-32.4<\/span><\/td>\n17.7-21.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coagulation<\/span><\/td>\nPTT<\/span><\/td>\nsec<\/td>\n8.9-18.7<\/span><\/td>\n8.9-18.7<\/span><\/td>\n39.2-57.0<\/span><\/td>\n30-50<\/span><\/td>\n21.8-35.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coagulation<\/span><\/td>\nD-Dimer<\/span><\/td>\nng\/ml; units and RIs differ by assays<\/td>\n0 – 400<\/span><\/td>\n0 – 400<\/span><\/td>\nNA<\/span><\/td>\n0 – 450<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nWBC<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n6.0-17.0<\/span><\/td>\n5.5-19.5<\/span><\/td>\n4.0-12.0<\/span><\/td>\n5.0-11.0<\/span><\/td>\n(9.62-25.2)**; (11.35-28.9)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nBand neutrophils<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n0.0 – 0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.0 – 0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.00-0.12<\/span><\/td>\n0.0 – 0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nSegmented neutrophils<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n3.0-11.4<\/span><\/td>\n2.5-12.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.6-4.0<\/span><\/td>\n2.1-6.7<\/span><\/td>\n(2.35-11.9)** (2.00-10.4)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nLymphocytes<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n1.0 – 4.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.5 – 7.0<\/span><\/td>\n2.5 – 7.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.3 – 4.5<\/span><\/td>\n(4.02 – 12.50)**; (5.30 – 17.9)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nMonocytes<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n0.15-1.35<\/span><\/td>\n0.0-0.85<\/span><\/td>\n0.03-0.85<\/span><\/td>\n0.0-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n(0.05-2.30)** : (0.0-3.7)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nEosinophils<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n0.1-0.75<\/span><\/td>\n0.0-0.75<\/span><\/td>\n0.0-2.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.0-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n(0.0-0.5)**; (0.0-1.3)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nBasophils<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n0.0 – 0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0 – 0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0 – 0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.0 – 0.2<\/span><\/td>\n(0.0-1.6)**, (0.0-0.4)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nRBC<\/span><\/td>\nx106<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n5.5 – 8.5<\/span><\/td>\n5 – 10<\/span><\/td>\n5 – 10<\/span><\/td>\n7 – 11<\/span><\/td>\n(4.87 – 7.88)** : (5.88 – 8.19)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nHb<\/span><\/td>\ng\/dl<\/td>\n12-18 (8-12)*<\/span><\/td>\n10-15 (8-11)*<\/span><\/td>\n8-15<\/span><\/td>\n11.5-16.0<\/span><\/td>\n(8.08 – 11.9)**; (11.2 – 14.7)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nHct<\/span><\/td>\n%<\/td>\n37-55 (25-37)*<\/span><\/td>\n30-45 (24-34)*<\/span><\/td>\n24 – 46<\/span><\/td>\n34 – 45<\/span><\/td>\n(28.22 – 39.8)**; (32.3 – 42.6)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nMCV<\/span><\/td>\nfL<\/td>\n60 – 77<\/span><\/td>\n39 – 55<\/span><\/td>\n40 – 60<\/span><\/td>\n36 – 49<\/span><\/td>\n(43.4 – 64.5)**; (47.5 – 59.2)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nMCH<\/span><\/td>\npg<\/td>\n19.5-30<\/span><\/td>\n12.5-17.5<\/span><\/td>\n11-17<\/span><\/td>\n12.7-17.5<\/span><\/td>\n(12.4 – 19.3)**; (16.3 – 20.6)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nMCHC<\/span><\/td>\ng\/dl<\/td>\n32 – 36<\/span><\/td>\n30 – 36<\/span><\/td>\n30 – 36<\/span><\/td>\n34 – 36<\/span><\/td>\n(27.39 – 31.4)**; (33.3 – 35.8)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nPlatelets<\/span><\/td>\nx103<\/sup>\/ul<\/td>\n200 – 500<\/span><\/td>\n300 – 800<\/span><\/td>\n300 – 800<\/span><\/td>\n130 – 300<\/span><\/td>\n(374.3-1080.8)**; (118.9-522.9)***<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nPlasma Protein<\/span><\/td>\ng\/dl<\/td>\n5.3 – 7.2<\/span><\/td>\n6.3 – 8.2<\/span><\/td>\n6.9 – 7.7<\/span><\/td>\n6.0 – 8.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematology<\/span><\/td>\nFibrinogen<\/span><\/td>\nmg\/dl<\/td>\n100 – 400<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 400<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 500<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 400<\/span><\/td>\n100 – 500<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
*Lowest in dogs and cats 5-6 weeks old, gradual increase to adult values by 5 months of age.
\n**Pigs 0-6 weeks old
\n***Pigs 6 weeks to 2 years-old<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":275,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-518","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nReference Intervals - Veterinary Pathology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vetmed.iastate.edu\/vpath\/services\/diagnostic-services\/clinical-pathology-diagnostic-and-research-services\/testing-and-fees\/reference-intervals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reference Intervals - Veterinary Pathology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vetmed.iastate.edu\/vpath\/services\/diagnostic-services\/clinical-pathology-diagnostic-and-research-services\/testing-and-fees\/reference-intervals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Veterinary Pathology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-23T21:14:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vetmed.iastate.edu\\\/vpath\\\/services\\\/diagnostic-services\\\/clinical-pathology-diagnostic-and-research-services\\\/testing-and-fees\\\/reference-intervals\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/vetmed.iastate.edu\\\/vpath\\\/services\\\/diagnostic-services\\\/clinical-pathology-diagnostic-and-research-services\\\/testing-and-fees\\\/reference-intervals\\\/\",\"name\":\"Reference Intervals - 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