Rachel Allbaugh

DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVO
Lora and Russ Talbot Endowed Professor of Veterinary Medicine
Professor
515-294-4900
1526 Lloyd
Education & Certifications  

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, 2008 - Voluntary recertification 2019; certified through 6/30/2024

MS - Clinical Science - Kansas State University, 2009

Veterinary Ophthalmology Residency - Kansas State University, 2005-2008

Internship in small animal medicine and surgery, Carolina Veterinary Specialists, 2004-2005

DVM - Iowa State University, 2004 (Summa Cum Laude)

BS - Iowa State University, 2000 (Summa Cum Laude)

Teaching  

VCS 399 - Ophthalmology course lectures (VM3)

VCS 405 - Pet Bird and Exotic Species Medicine (VM3)

VCS 419 - Preceptorship in Veterinary Medical Practice (VM4)

VDPAM 445 - Production Animal Clinical Medicine (VM3)

VSC 447 - Equine Veterinary Diagnostic Skills (VM4)

VCS 449 - Ophthalmic surgery lecture and labs (VM3)

VCS 394 - Ophthlamic examination lab (VM2)

VCS 440 - Introduction to clinics (VM3)

BMS 443 - Pharmacology and Therapeutics (VM3)

VCS 469 and 479 - Ophthalmology clinical rotations (VM4)

Continuing education and scientific presentations given at local, national and international conferences.

Research Focus & Interests  

Area of Expertise: ophthalmic diseases of dogs, cats, horses, and other species as well as periocular, corneal and intraocular surgeries.
Research Interests: ocular pharmacology, blood-aqueous barrier breakdown and clinical applied research.

Honors & Awards  

2023 Iowa State University Exemplary Faculty Mentor Award, Ames, IA

2022 College of Veterinary Medicine Award for Outstanding Achievement in Extension or Professional Practice, Ames, IA

2022 Frederick Douglass Patterson Diversity Award, Ames, IA

2022 Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty-Staff Inspiration Award, Ames, IA

2020 Lora and Russ Talbot Endowed Professor in Veterinary Medicine

2017 Marvin A. Pomerantz Endowment Faculty Enrichment Award

2016 Iowa State University Alumni Association Outstanding Young Alumni Award, Ames, IA

2015 Faculty Member of the Year Award (Iowa State University College of Vet Med), Ames, IA

2015 Service Team of the Year Award – Ophthalmology (Iowa State University College of Vet Med), Ames, IA

2010 Mortar Board Honor Society Outstanding Kansas State University Faculty Recognition Award, Manhattan, Kansas

2009 Waterloo West High School Academic Hall of Fame, Waterloo, Iowa

2004 Top Graduating Senior, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

2003 Phi Zeta Honor Society, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

2000 Top Graduating Senior, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

Leadership/Committees/Council  

Ophthalmology Service Leader

Ophthalmology Residency Program Director

ISU Committee of the Council on Judiciary and Appeals Member

ISU CVM Faculty, Staff, and Alumni Awards Committee Chair 

ISU CVM Student Faculty Relations Committee Member

ISU CVM Diversity Committee Member

Veterinary Clinical Sciences Associate Chair of Culture, Inclusion, and Diversity (2017-2023)

International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium Board of Directors - President (2020-2022)

American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Governance Committee Member

Vision for Animals Foundation Grants Committee Chair (2017-2022)

Iowa State University Veterinary Medical Alumni Association Board of Directors - President (2020)

Clinical Year Education Program (Visiting Scholar) Committee - Chair (2015-2021)

IronDog Fund Board of Directors

ISU CVM Student Ophthalmology Club Advisor

ISU CVM Honor Board Faculty Advisor (2017-2021)

Memberships  

American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists

International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium

American Veterinary Medical Association

Iowa Veterinary Medical Association

Selected Publications  

Van Vertloo LR, Terhaar HM, Viall AK, Allbaugh RA. Retrospective evaluation of the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in dogs receiving ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Accepted by Veterinary Ophthalmology 2023 (early view 2 Sep 2023 DOI:10.1111/vop.13145)

Page LE, Kubai MA, Allbaugh RA, Bedos L, Roy MM, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Increased drug concentration and repeated eyedrop administration as strategies to optimize topical drug delivery in dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2023 (early view 23 June 2023 DOI:10.1111/vop.13125)

Bedos L, Allbaugh RA, Roy M, Kubai MA, Sebbag L. Precorneal retention time of ocular lubricants measured with fluorophotometry in healthy dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2023, Vol. 26, No. S1, pp. 81-88 (DOI: 10.1111/vop.13065)

Nenninger AS, Ben-Shlomo G, Allbaugh RA, Valentine BN, Snella E, Jens J, Ellinwood NM, Smith JD. Clinical and pathological characterization of ophthalmic disease in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type I. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 2023, Vol. 46, pp. 348-357 (DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12587

Mauer AN, Allbaugh RA, Kreuder AJ, Sebbag L. Impact of multi-drug resistance on clinical outcomes of dogs with corneal ulcers infected with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, section Comparative and Clinical Medicine, 2022 (DOI:10.3389/fvets.2022.1083294)

Bedos L, Wickham H, Vojtech G, Zdyrski C, Allbaugh RA, Sahoo DK, Sebbag L, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Culture and characterization of canine and feline corneal epithelial organoids: a new tool for the study and treatment of corneal diseases. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, section Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2022 (DOI:10.3389/fvets.2022.1050467)

*Wilcox PA, Strong TD, Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA. Effect of topical nitric oxide donors 0.03% nitroglycerin and 0.1% hydralazine on intraocular pressure in healthy canine eyes. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2022 (early view DOI:10.1002/vms3.945)

Bowden AC, Allbaugh RA, Smith JD, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Kinetics and minimal inhibitory concentrations of ceftiofur in tear film following extended-release parenteral administration (Excede®) in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, section Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2022 (DOI 10.3389/fvets.2022.975113)

*O’Leary LM, Sebbag L, Moody LM, Diehl KA, Allbaugh RA. Acute corneal hydrops of presumed traumatic origin: an uncontrolled case series (three horses). Equine Veterinary Education, 2022, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp e11-e15 (DOI: 10.1111/eve.13455)

Kreuder AJ, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Letter to the Editor - McKeever et al 2021. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 659-660 (DOI: 10.1111/vop.12934)

Wehrman RF, Genschel U, Charli A, Kanthasamy AG, Allbaugh RA, Ben-Shlomo G. Interleukin-6 and lactate dehydrogenase expression in a novel ex vivo rocking model of equine corneal epithelial wound healing. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 509-519 (DOI: 10.1111/vop.12935)

O’Leary LM, Allbaugh RA, Schrunk DE, Olsen TE, Sebbag L. Variable accuracy, precision and consistency of compounded famciclovir formulated for management of feline herpesvirus-1 in cats. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 627-638 (DOI: 10.1111/vop.12910)

Bertram ML, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP, Peraza J, Page LE, Sebbag L. Influence of Schirmer strip wetness on volume absorbed, volume recovered, and total protein content in canine tears. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2021, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 425-428 (DOI: 10.1111/vop.12876)

Foote BC, Smith JS, Bowden AC, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Successful management of refractory keratomycosis in an alpaca using penetrating keratoplasty and combination antifungal therapy (caspofungin 0.5% and terbinafine 1%). Frontiers in Veterinary

Science, section Comparative and Clinical Medicine, 2021, Vol. 8, Article 644074 (DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644074)

Foote BC, Smith JD, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Histologic effects of MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in normal equine eyes. Veterinary Ophthalmology (in press and on-line 29 Nov 2020, DOI: 10.1111/vop.12846) January 2021, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 59-70

Terhaar HM, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Serum albumin and total protein concentration in the tear film of horses with healthy or diseased eyes. Veterinary Ophthalmology (in press and on-line 13 Sep 2020, DOI: 10.1111/vop.12822) January 2021, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 20-27

Gentile DS, Allbaugh RA, Adiguzel MC, Kenne D, Sahin O, Sebbag L. Bacterial cross-contamination in a veterinary ophthalmology setting. Accepted by Frontiers in Pharmacology, section Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (in press and on-line 22 Dec 2020, DOI: 10.3389/ fvets.2020.571503) December 2020, Vol. 7

Page L, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP, Peraza J, Bertram M, Sebbag L. Impact of diurnal variation, sex, tear collection method, and disease state on tear protein levels in dogs. Accepted by Veterinary Ophthalmology (in press and on-line 30 Nov 2020, DOI: 10.1111/vop.12840) November 2020, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 994-1000

Hewitt JS, Allbaugh RA, Kenne D, Sebbag L. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with ulcerative keratitis in midwestern United States. Accepted by Frontiers in Pharmacology, section Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (in press and on-line 20 Nov 2020, DOI: 10.3389/ fvets.2020.583965) November 2020, Vol. 7

Sebbag L, Soler E, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP. Impact of acute conjunctivitis on ocular surface homeostasis in dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology (in press and on-line 15 July 2020, DOI: 10.1111/vop.12804) September 2020, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 828-833

Foote BC, Smith JS, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L, Ben-Shlomo G. Novel use of a combination of extracellular matrices for wound healing following resection of a large inferior eyelid mass in a miniature Hereford. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, October 15, 2020, Vol. 257, No. 8, pp. 833-839

Allbaugh RA, Wehrman RF, Sebbag L. Comparison of topically administered 0.05% difluprednate to 1% prednisolone acetate for inhibition of aqueocentesis-induced breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in healthy dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, March 2020, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 260-266

Sebbag L, Moody LM, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP. Nerve growth factor in dogs: Assessment of two immunoassays and selected ocular parameters following a nicergoline challenge per os. Veterinary Ophthalmology (in press and on-line 27 Dec 2019, DOI: 10.1111/vop.12723) January 2020, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 199-204

Sebbag L, Kirner NS, Allbaugh RA, Reis A, Mochel JP. Kinetics of fluorescein in tear film after eye drop instillation in beagle dogs: does size really matter? Frontiers in Veterinary Science (in press and on-line 19 Dec 2019, DOI: 10.3389/ fvets.2019.00457), December 2019, Vol. 6, No. 457, pp.1-9

Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Wehrman RF, Uhl LK, Ben-Shlomo G, Chen T, Mochel JP. Fluorophotometric assessment of tear volume and turnover rate in healthy dogs and cats. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics (in press and on-line 8 Aug 2019, DOI: 10.1089/ jop.2019.0038) [Epub ahead of print], 2019

Lerch M, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L, Mochel JP, Weller P, Borts DJ. Paper spray high – resolution accurate mass spectrometry for quantitation of voriconazole in equine tears. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (in press and on-line 23 May 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01898-9) August 2019, Vol. 411, No. 20, pp. 5187-5196

Sebbag L, Yan Y, Smith JS, Allbaugh RA, Wulf LW, Mochel JP. Tear fluid pharmacokinetics following oral prednisone administration in dogs with and without conjunctivitis. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics (in press and on-line 9 May 2019, DOI: 10.1089/jop.0020) Jul/Aug 2019, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 341-349

Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Weaver A, Seo YJ, Mochel JP. Histamine-induced conjunctivitis and breakdown of the blood-tear barrier in dogs: A model for ocular pharmacology and therapeutics. Frontiers in Pharmacology, section Translational Pharmacology (in press and on-line 9 Jul 2019, DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00752) [eCollection], 2019

Strauss RA, Genschel U, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L, Ben-Shlomo G. Evaluation of microbial contamination of canine plasma eye drops using two types of eyedropper bottles. Veterinary Ophthalmology May 2019, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 222-228

Allbaugh RA. Uveitis in dogs and cats. (Invited article) Today’s Veterinary Practice, March/April 2019, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 32-45

Wehrman RF, Sebbag L, Reilly CM, Allbaugh RA, Ben-Shlomo G, Berger E, Musser M. Richter’s syndrome as an ocular manifestation of systemic disease in a dog. Accepted 2/20/19 by iMedPub Journals

Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Strauss RA, Strong TD, Wehrman RF, Foote BC, Ben-Shlomo G. Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of canine glaucoma: preliminary results (12 dogs). Veterinary Ophthalmology (in press and on-line 15 Aug 2018, DOI: 10. 1111/vop.12603) Jul 2019, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 407-414

Strauss RA, Allbaugh RA, Haynes J, Ben-Shlomo G. Primary corneal malignant melanoma in a horse. Equine Veterinary Education (in press and on-line 07 Sep 2017, DOI: 10.1111/eve.12815) 2019, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 403-409

Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Strong TD, Strauss RA, Wehrman RF, Foote BC, Peterson CS, Ben-Shlomo G. Lack of effect of a topical regenerative agent on re-epithelialization rate of canine spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study. The Veterinary Journal, 2018, Vol. 233, pp. 63-65

Pucket JD, Allbaugh RA, Higginbotham ML, Rankin AJ, Teixeria L. Metastatic intraocular hemangiopericytoma in a dog. Open Veterinary Journal, 2017, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 132-138 (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v7i2.9)

Allbaugh RA. Equine recurrent uveitis: a review of clinical assessment and management. Equine Veterinary Education, 2017, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 279-288

Griggs AN, Yaw TJ, Haynes JS, Ben-Shlomo G, Tofflemire KL, Allbaugh RA. Bioavailability and biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Veterinary Ophthalmology, March 2017, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 171-176

Strong TD, Tangeman SE, Ben-Shlomo G, Haynes JS, Allbaugh RA. Corneal fibrosarcoma in a cat. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2016, Vol. 19, Supplement 1, pp. 131-135

Pryor SG, Bentley E, McLellan G, Giuliano EA, Allbaugh RA, Rankin AJ, Labelle AL, Buhr K. Retinal detachment post-phacoemulsification in Bichons Frises: a retrospective study of 54 dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, September 2016, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 373-378

Griggs AN, Allbaugh RA, Tofflemire KL, Ben-Shlomo G, Whitley RD, Paulsen ME. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in six dogs presenting for ocular disease. Veterinary Ophthalmology, January 2016, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 73-80

Rankin AJ, Lanuza R, KuKanich B, Crumley WC, Pucket JD, Allbaugh RA, Meekins JM. Measurement of plasma gentamicin concentrations post chemical ciliary body ablation in dogs with chronic glaucoma. Veterinary Ophthalmology, January 2016, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 57-62

Thiessen CE, Tofflemire KL, Makielski KM, Ben-Shlomo G, Whitley RD, Allbaugh RA. Hypokalemia and suspected renal tubular acidosis associated with topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor therapy in a cat. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2016, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 870-874

Tofflemire KL, Whitley EM, Flinn AM, Dufour VL, Ben-Shlomo G, Allbaugh RA, Griggs AN, Peterson CS, Whitley RD. Effect of topical ophthalmic dorzolamide(2%)-timolol(0.5%) solution and ointment on intraocular pressure in normal horses. Veterinary Ophthalmology, November 2015, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 457-461

Tofflemire KL, Whitley EM, Allbaugh RA, Ben-Shlomo G, Robinson CC, Overton TL, Thiessen CE, Evans EA, Griggs AN, Adelman SA, Ludwig AL, Jens JK, Ellinwood NM, Peterson CS, Whitley RD. Comparison of two- and three-times-daily topical ophthalmic application of 0.005% latanoprost solution in clinically normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, July 2015, Vol. 76, No. 7, pp. 625-631

Overton T, Allbaugh RA, Whitley RD, Ben-Shlomo G, Griggs AN, Tofflemire KL, Whitley EM. A novel topical 1% 5-fluorouracil treatment regimen in a young dog with corneal squamous cell carcinoma. Veterinary Ophthalmology, July 2015, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 350-354

Tofflemire KL, Whitley EM, Gould SA, Dewell RD, Allbaugh RA, Ben-Shlomo G, O'Connor AM, Whitley RD. Schirmer tear test I and rebound tonometry findings in healthy calves. Veterinary Ophthalmology, March 2015, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 147-151

Zaffarano BA, Allbaugh RA, Whitley EM. Bilateral harderian gland abscesses in a Syrian dwarf hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 2015, Vol. 24, pp. 209-214

Allbaugh RA, Keil SM, Zhining O, Bello NM. Intraocular pressure changes in equine athletes during endurance competitions. Veterinary Ophthalmology, July 2014, Vol. 17, Supplement s1, pp. 154-159

Allbaugh RA, Ben-Shlomo G, Whitley RD. Electroretinogram evaluation of equine eyes with extensive bullet-hole fundic lesions. Veterinary Ophthalmology, July 2014, Vol. 17, Supplement s1, pp. 129-133

Tofflemire KL, Whitley EM, Dewell RD, Gould SA, Allbaugh RA, Ben-Shlomo G, O'Connor AM, Whitley RD. Corneal sensitivity in healthy bovine calves. Veterinary Ophthalmology, July 2014, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 305-308

Tofflemire KL, Whitley RD, Ben-Shlomo G, Allbaugh RA. Uveal hematocysts in a Golden Retriever dog. Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine, 2013, Article ID 210135, 3 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/210135. Published online 12/9/13

Stuckey JA, Pearce JW, Giuliano EA, Cohn LA, Bentley E, Rankin AJ, Gilmour MA, Lim CC, Allbaugh RA, Moore CP, Madsen RW. Long-term outcome of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, November 15, 2013, Vol. 243, No. 10, pp. 1425-1431

Allbaugh RA, Stuhr CM. Thermal cautery of the canine third eyelid for treatment of cartilage eversion. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2013, Vol. 16. No. 5, pp. 392-395

Rush BR, White BJ, Allbaugh RA, Jones ML, Klocke EE, Miesner M, Towle-Millard HA, Roush JK. Investigation into the impact of Audience Response Devices on Short- and Long-term Content Retention. J Vet Med Educ. 2013 Summer;40(2):171-6. doi: 10.3138/jvme. 1012-091R.

Pucket JD, Allbaugh RA, Rankin AJ, Ou Z, Bello NM. Comparison of efficacy and duration of effect on corneal sensitivity among anesthetic agents following ocular administration in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res. 2013 Mar;74(3):459-64. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.3.459.

Rankin AJ, Sebbag L, Bello NM, Crumley WR, Allbaugh RA. Effects of oral administration of anti-inflammatory medications on inhibition of paracentesis-induced blood-aqueous barrier breakdown in clinically normal cats. AM J Vet Res. 2013 Feb;74(2):262-7. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.262.

Miller VS, Allbaugh RA, Roush JK, Rankin AJ. Repeated anterior chamber fluorophotometric evaluation in normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, October 2012, Vol. 73, No. 10, pp. 1503-1506

Rankin AJ, Crumley WR, Allbaugh RA. Effects of ocular administration of ophthalmic 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride solution on aqueous humor flow rate and intraocular pressure in clinically normal cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, July 2012, Vol. 73, No. 7, pp. 1074-1078

Crumley WR, Rankin AJ, Allbaugh RA. Evaluation of the aqueous humor flow rate in the eyes of clinically normal cats by use of fluorophotometry. American Journal of Veterinary Research, May 2012, Vol. 73, No. 5, pp. 704-708

Pucket JD, Allbaugh RA, Rankin AJ. Treatment of dematiaceous fungal keratitis in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, May 1, 2012, Vol. 240, No. 9, pp. 1104-1108

Allbaugh RA, Roush JK, Rankin AJ, Davidson HJ. Fluorophotometric and tonometric evaluation of ocular effects following aqueocentesis performed with needles of various sizes in dogs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2011, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 556-561

Reinstein SL, Rankin AR, Allbaugh RA. Canine glaucoma: Pathophysiology and diagnosis, Compendium, 2009, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 450-458

Reinstein SL, Rankin AR, Allbaugh RA. Canine glaucoma: medical and surgical treatment options, Compendium, 2009, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 454-458

Allbaugh RA and Davidson HJ. Surgical correction of periocular fat pads and entropion in a potbellied pig (Sus scrofa). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2009, Vol. 12. No. 2, pp. 115-118

Das S, Lin D, Jena S, Shi A, Battina S, Hua DH, Allbaugh R, Takemoto DJ. Protection of retinal cells from ischemia by a novel gap junction inhibitor, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2008, Vol. 373, No. 4, pp. 504-508

Grozdanic S, Betts DM, Allbaugh RA, Sakaguchi DS, Kwon YH, Kardon RH, Sonea IM. Characterization of the pupil light reflex, electroretinogram and tonometric parameters in healthy mouse eyes, Current Eye Research, June 2003, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 371-378

Grozdanic S, Betts DM, Sakaguchi DS, Allbaugh RA, Kwon YH, Kardon RH. Laser-induced mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, October 2003, Vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 4337-4346